Since the age of 62, she has been on welfare because of her being bankrupt. ![]() Following her divorce at age 37, she began working as a transportation driver. She married at 25 years old, and had one daughter and one son. Her father was a violent alcoholic her mother worked hard because her father did not work regularly. A was a 66-year-old Japanese woman who had settled in a large city in the east of Japan. In contrast, the Naikan interview, which is applied to outpatients, consists of only a few sessions (intervention and follow-up). Naikan therapy is intensive, usually requiring hospitalization for 1 week. If conflicts pertaining to parents impede recovery from a gambling disorder, then we first treat these conflicts via interviews based on Naikan therapy principles (Naikan interview). If put in psychoanalytical terms, this would mean the practitioner simultaneously realize his guilty self and his beloved (namely forgiven) self (Chervenkova 2014) (Figure 1). This amelioration is brought by two factors of the Naikanistic philosophy: (1) human beings are fundamentally selfish and guilty, (2) yet at the same time they are rendered incommensurate benevolence from others. This technique has been shown to ameliorate negative cognitions and inferiority complexes through asking the patient to recall an instance of parental (or caregiver) love (Komoto 2013 Nagayama 2013). In the Naikan approach, and in contrast to free association, there are three fundamental questions (“Three Naikan Themes”) that patients should consider: “What have others done for you?” “What have you done for others in return?” and “What troubles have you caused to others?” Patients are invited to consider their own behaviors toward a target person, such as their mother, in accordance with the three themes and in a chronological manner. In Naikan therapy, a specialist, who has also experienced Naikan, assists patients by looking back at their life histories and uncovering their true purpose, by giving as much consideration as possible to every aspect of their current lives. Naikan therapy is an insight-oriented psychotherapy originating from Japan (Maeshiro 2009). Therefore attending to negative feelings resulting from addiction-accented family dynamics should take precedence over specialized treatment for pathological gambling. I consider a family history of addiction to be a reliable predictor of early onset gambling, marital problems, and psychiatric complications. I similarly reported that the most significant independent predictor of suicide attempts and bankruptcy was a family history of addiction (Komoto 2014). On the other hand, gamblers who file for bankruptcy are likely to be unmarried, diagnosed with depressive and substance abuse disorders, and have an early onset of problem gambling in addition to a first-degree relative or family member with gambling problems. Evidence suggests that suicidal gamblers begin gambling at an earlier age, accrue larger debts, are more likely to experience marital difficulties, and have family histories of addiction. Generally, suicide attempts and bankruptcy represent the most severe consequences of, and most important indicators of, the more extreme variants of PG (Grantet al. In the DSM-5, the former are called episodic gamblers, and the latter are chronic gamblers (American Psychiatric Association 2013). However, approximately half of all such gamblers appear to recover of their own volition (Slutske 2006) others continue to worsen progressively in their behavior. In Japan the most harmful result is suicidal attempt. Usually, gambling disorders are characterized by a progressive maladaptive pattern of gambling resulting in psychological and social problems (American Psychiatric Association 2013). The prevalence of pathological gambling (defined by a score of ≥5 on the South Oaks Gambling Screen SOGS) (Lesieur and Blume 1987) is estimated at 5.5% across all adults (Higuchi 2008). The major types of gambling which cause problems for Japanese are Pachinko and slot machines. In Japan, availability and accessibility of gambling is high, which renders it a common activity. The prevalence of pathological gambling (PG) varies between 0.2 and 5.3% according to the parameters used for its definition, and the availability and accessibility of gambling activities (Wardle 2007).
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
Details
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |